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 5 Aug, 2008: Architects welcome government's commitment to reform Mepa
The Kamra tal-Periti (Chamber of Architects) has welcomed the government's commitment to undertake what it said were the necessary and much desired reforms to the Malta Environment and Planning Authority (Mepa).
The chamber confirmed its agreement with the decision to give the reform process the importance it deserves by placing it under the direct stewardship of the Prime Minister in the light of his responsibility.
The chamber believes that the whole scope of the reform at Mepa should be driven by an ingrained desire and a steadfast commitment to ensure that the nation achieves quality and sustainability in the built and unbuilt environment.
The reform process should, therefore, form part of an overall process of institutional renewal based on a clear vision for the economic and social development of the nation. The proposals should be designed to deliver tangible and sustained results on three main objectives, the chamber said.
The first regards major improvements in the quality of the built and unbuilt (urban and rural) environment measured in terms of the social and environmental benefits that development provides to society and not merely the economic growth of particular sectors.
The second deals with a qualitative improvement in the level of service provided by the authority, measured not merely in terms of cases processed, but in terms of consistency, transparency and fairness.
The third proposal concerns the ability of the authority to enhance its human resources by attracting and retaining enough personnel of the right calibre and qualifications capable of providing a service of impartiality and excellence for the benefit of society as a whole.
The chamber submitted its policy paper on the Mepa reform to the Prime Minister last March, basing its recommendations on its vision for a more sustainable development of the environment.
The chamber also noted with satisfaction the ongoing consultation process being carried out by the government and Mepa with various sectors on the proposals being put forward, and assured the government of its continued support and commitment to be available for such discussions.
1 Aug, 2008: Mepa reform
The Malta Environment and Planning Authority reform consultation process continued yesterday when Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi had a series of back-to-back meetings with NGOs in an effort to better understand their suggestions and start making decisions.
The aim of the reform, he told the NGOs, is to have more consistency and transparency in Mepa decisions, reach higher levels of efficiency for clients and ensure better enforcement.
Din l-Art Ħelwa president Martin Galea said the focus was mainly on good governance, the biggest problems of the authority today being its many controversial decisions and the fact that most of the existing policies were not implemented.
He referred to the Mistra project as an example that had sent negative signals and cast a shadow of doubt over Mepa.
Speaking after a "positive" meeting with the Prime Minister, Mr Galea listed the lacunae in the floor-area ratio of buildings in outside development zones (ODZs), where development still occurred, and in urban conservation areas, where construction was also rampant.
Expressing the heritage and environment NGO's satisfaction that the Prime Minister took the Mepa reform under his wings, Mr Galea said it was one of the most pressing problems, other than the price of fuel, which had the biggest impact on everyone's lives.
Mr Galea said he was optimistic, despite the many mistakes of the past, that the Mepa reform would lead to real changes.
"The fact that the Prime Minister has taken the matter into his hands means he is giving it due importance and, therefore, while mistakes will still be made, there is less of a chance of major ones happening.
"It is important to now concentrate on the quality of life. With an authority that is strong, transparent and does its duty, everyone should be content," he said.
Dr Gonzi also met with the Chamber of Architects, the Chamber of Planners, the Users Committee, Nature Trust and Flimkien għal Ambjent Aħjar, in the presence of Mepa chairman Austin Walker.
The Mepa reform, Dr Gonzi said, was not being considered merely as an administrative process to reach higher levels of efficiency but as an ingredient without which Malta could not achieve sustainable development. Economic development and job generation had to be achieved while safeguarding the environment and quality of life, he said.
Dr Gonzi said he would not be deluding himself or anyone that it was easy to achieve such a delicate balance in a country with major density challenges in terms of population and vehicles. Solutions would not be easy but collaboration with related NGOs was the way forward and could make inroads into the challenges ahead, he said.
The function of the country's architects in terms of sustainable development was vital and their suggestions were of immense value and would be given their deserved weight, Dr Gonzi told the Chamber of Architects.
Its president, David Felice, said it was expecting "big" things from the Mepa reform and that it had high expectations, adding that it was at the government's disposal to assist in the process.
The reform issue, he added, was wider and went beyond just Mepa: The major changes had to lead to substantial and urgent improvement in the quality and the sustainability of both the developed and undeveloped environment.
3 Jul, 2008: Increased participation of civil society in EU structural funds
Over 50 representatives from various civil society organisations, local councils and public bodies attended a seminar organised by the Malta Resource Centre at SOS Malta.
The seminar, Towards The Increased Participation In Structural Funds, provided a forum for discussion about training, technical assistance and capacity-building needs of Maltese civil society organisations with regard to EU structural funds.
The event was part-financed by the structural funds programme for Malta 2004-2006 (European Social Fund: cofinancing 75 per cent). It was organised as part of The Structural Funds Training and Technical Assistance Programme
for NGOs and Civil Society Organisations 2007 - a sub-project which the Malta Resource Centre implemented within the scope of the European Social Fund's Technical Assistance.
Between 2004 and 2006, only five NGOs participated in projects financed by structural funds. In an effort to increase the participation of the third sector in the European Social Fund, the pilot programme, implemented by the Malta Resource Centre last year, aimed at training civil society organisations about the project mechanisms of structural funds.
The training programme consisted of a total of 50 training hours, spread over eight workshops held in August,
September and October last year.
During the last seminar, Philippa Arrigo, project coordinator, presented the main outcomes and recommendations
emanating from the pilot training programme. She explained that, within the spirit of the partnership principle, further training and capacity-building initiatives will need to be undertaken to ensure that the participation of Malta's third sector in projects financed through the European Social Fund is enhanced.
She referred to the sense of ownership which the sector needs to adopt towards the structural funds process in general, and listed various measures which could be undertaken towards this end.
Noel Toledo, director on cohesion policy at the Planning and Priorities Coordination Division, explained that technical assistance plays a critical role for the efficient implementation of structural funds.
The seminar also provided an opportunity for practical accounts to be given by Maltese civil society organisations having experienced the application and implementation processes involved in European Social Fund projects. Presentations were given by Holder Saliba from the Richmond Foundation and Simone Vella Lenicker from the Chamber of Architects, respectively.
Claudia Taylor-East, director at SOS Malta, said the Malta Resource Centre will continue to promote cooperation
between various stakeholders to make sure that NGOs working with and for disadvantaged groups have access to structural funds with measures in place.
All participants were provided with a publication which the Malta Resource Centre produced at the end of the training
programme. The publication includes various recommendations for future training and capacity-building initiatives for the third sector.
29 May, 2008: Architects welcome preservation of Rediffusion House
The Chamber of Architects has welcomed the government's decision to withdraw the application to demolish what was formerly known as Rediffusion House in Guardamangia.
Public Broadcasting Services were applying to be able to demolish the building, along with Television House, in order to build new headquarters and a complex of apartments and commercial premises. However the government intervened and the broadcaster withdrew the application after Flimkien Ghal Ambjent Ahjar and the Chamber voiced their concern.
The move comes as an example of refreshing foresight that breaks the recent trend adopted by the Malta Environment and Planning Authority, which, the Chamber said, deems old buildings as taking precedence over the preservation of contemporary buildings, some of which are iconic examples of excellence in local architecture.
Undeniably, in the fast developing societies of today, buildings need not be older than a century to deserve preservation, the Chamber insisted. Indeed the reasons why we preserve our built heritage depend on more important criteria, certainly not the gravely misguided notions of nostalgia. Had this planning application been accepted, it would have led to the irretrievable loss of one of the pioneering examples of 20th century modern architecture in Malta. The building may have seen better days but the broadcasting landmark represents a milestone in the development of architecture in Malta in its historic progression from the Baroque to Neo-Classicism to Victorian-era Eclecticism to the Modern Movement, the Chamber added.
 27 May, 2008: Architects applaud PBS development application withdrawal
The Kamra tal-Periti applauded the government’s recent decision to call for the withdrawal of the development application for the demolition of what was formerly known as Rediffusion House in Gwardamangia.
The recent planning application by the Public Broadcasting Services calling for the demolition of an integral part of the complex was withdrawn by PBS on the instructions of the Minister for Education, Culture, Youth and Sports, Dolores Cristina after consultation with the Prime Minister.
The move, the chamber said, comes as a refreshing foresight that breaks the recent trend adopted by MEPA that the conservation of much older buildings, irrespective of their historical or architectural merit, tends to take precedence over the preservation of contemporary buildings, some of which are iconic examples of excellence in local architecture.
Had this planning application been accepted, it would have led to the irretrievable loss of one of the pioneering examples of 20th century modern architecture in Malta.
26 May, 2008: 'Rediffusion House' decision breaks mistaken trend - architects
The Kamra tal-Periti (Chamber of Architects) has welcomed the government’s decision to withdraw the application for demolition of what was formerly known as Rediffusion House in Guardamangia.
This, the chamber said, was a refreshing decision that had broken the trend adopted by MEPA that the conservation of much older buildings, “irrespective of their historical or architectural merit,” tended to take precedence over the preservation of contemporary buildings some of which were iconic examples of excellence in local architecture.
“Undeniably, in the fast developing societies of today, buildings need not be older than a century to deserve preservation. Indeed, the reasons why we preserve our built heritage depends on more important criteria, certainly not the gravely misguided notions of nostalgia,” the chamber said.
17 May, 2008: Universal design for all – Minister Dalli
“Only by defining an appropriate vision for Malta where social, economic and environmental objectives work together harmoniously, can we achieve lasting sustainable development,” said Social Policy Minister John Dalli, during a seminar on accessibility for all, held by the Chamber of Architects in collaboration with the National Commission for Persons with Disability (KNPD).
Quoting from the document entitled “The Urban Challenge”, a document issued by the Chamber of Architects last year, the minister explained the challenges of sustainable development and how the urban environment reflects the social and economic objectives of Malta, which depends on environmental standards more than ever before.
The seminar was part financed by the European Social Fund and falls under Measure 2.3 on Lifelong Learning and Social Inclusion. Such measures, the minister explained, are meant to strengthen the workforce and support the scaling-up of qualifications, besides actually addressing the issue of integrating persons with special needs as well as those socially excluded into the labour market by means of specific employment schemes.
“Continued Professional Development (or CPD), particularly of architects and engineers, is a key aspect in achieving a workforce that is adequately equipped to tackle the challenges of today’s economy,” he said. Besides this, CPD encourages professional development of expertise in particular areas.
Since its beginning, KNPD functioned in order to eradicate social difficulties through the removal of barriers. The minister described how lack of physical accessibility remains one of the most serious barriers to social inclusion in today’s life. A culture change is needed for the creation of an inclusive environment, or universal design. This requires a change of mentality, a change in traditional practices and conviction that an inclusive society is both desirable and attainable.
16 May, 2008: New regulations for the protection of third party property during construction
The government will be introducing regulations aimed at protecting third parties and third party property during construction works.
These will be part of a phased implementation of regulations related to building construction over the coming months. This was stated yesterday by Resources and Rural Affairs Minister George Pullicino, during a speech he delivered to a seminar on Energy Efficiency organised by the Kamra tal-Periti.
On the subject of the conference, the minister noted that only yesterday the price of oil reached $127 per barrel. Based on current trends there are those who forecast that the price will top $200 per barrel by the end of the year.
By January 2009, Malta must introduce a system of certification regarding the energy performance of buildings as well as certification of boilers and air conditioning equipment.
Minister George Pullicino said that an effective educational campaign is needed. This should be widespread to target professionals who design buildings and mechanical and electrical apparatus, contractors and builders, real estate/property negotiators, as well as the general public. Such an educational campaign should not only focus on the new regulations, but more importantly, should inform the public of the benefits that can be gained when such regulations are enforced and abided by.
George Pullicino said that the demand for complex buildings is constantly on the increase. This, together with the increase in materials that are used for decorative purposes and the increase in the use of accessories and light installations, means that water heaters and air conditioners that run on electricity are often the cause of large and excessive use of energy.
He said that from an administrative perspective, there is also a need to create a system to ensure that laws and regulations are implemented, monitored, and that their enforcement takes place in a sound and efficient manner, that does not give rise to unnecessary bureaucratic measures.
He said that architects, engineers and professionals that work in this industry need to be better informed regarding their new role and responsibilities due to the systems of certification that will be introduced to ensure that the new regulations are implemented. This will take place through a number of information sessions that will be organised, where these procedures will be explained in more detail. These professionals must on their part, keep up to date with the standards that will be updated on a regular basis.
The way in which these regulations for control have been drafted ensures an element of self regulations which places responsibility for correct certification on those registered to carry out such work. The Building Control Office within the Services Division will ensure that these regulations are observed and will be authorised to check whether the required certificates were issued within the stipulated timeframes, as well as verify such certificates.
In those circumstances where the regulations would not have been followed, the Building Control Office will have the authority to take necessary corrective measures, as well as impose fines and sanctions on the Assessors who would have issued incorrect certificates.
11 May, 2008: Dutch architecture firm partner to lead 'nights' debate
The last Architecture Nights debate organised by the Kamra tal-Periti will be held at the Aula Magna in Valletta on Saturday at 7.30 p.m.
The debate, held under the patronage of the Dutch Embassy, will feature one of Holland's most prominent architecture firms - Mecanoo Architecten.
Firm partner Francesco Veenstra's broad range of experience includes public and cultural projects, commercial and residential buildings and international competitions.
Based in Delft, Mecanoo has produced many outstanding projects in architecture and urban planning, both domestically and internationally during its 25 years. With Mecanoo, the sensory aspect is mainly determined by the lavish use of materials. It excels in subtle combinations of the most diverse materials, including wood, concrete, copper, bamboo, brick, pebbles, zinc, stone, vegetation, glass and planes of saturated colour.
Mecanoo operates globally with an international staff of over 80 architects, interior designers, urban planners and landscape designers. The firm sees itself as a laboratory where new ideas can develop, influenced by architects with different cultural backgrounds and by the ideas of its international clients.
20 Apr, 2008: Architecture and Politics
The Kamra tal-Periti recently organised a forum entitled "Architecture and politics: partnering for sustainable development in the Mediterranean'" on the occasion of the Union of Mediterranean Architects' (UMAR) 14th general assembly in Malta. Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi delivered a keynote address. Other speakers included French Ambassador Jean Marc Rives, UMAR president Patrice Genet, Prof. Lino Briguglio, chairman of the National Committee for Sustainable Development, and KTP president David Felice.
This was Dr Gonzi's first public debate on the built environment since taking the local planning authorities and sustainable development under his wing. The KTP hopes this is the start of a long and healthy relationship between architecture and politics, particularly in the light of the fact that these two disciplines are responsible for the physical transformation of many of Malta's socio-economic and cultural objectives.
The Kamra supports Dr Gonzi's contribution, whereby he said that "the Government is always open to dialogue with the KTP, especially matters that are distinctive locally. We need to work together to achieve the highest professional standards to make sure that the core values of what we do together remain linked to what is valuable for quality of life and not merely for material wealth."
The forum focused on aspects of architectural practice where economic interest coincides with environmental relevance. Dr Gonzi highlighted the fact that "co-operation between researchers on this topic is bound to be fruitful, as also the documentation of successful traditional low energy media for controlling interior environments."
Dr Gonzi also referred to KTP's position paper on the built environment entitled 'The urban challenge: our quality of life and the built environment', saying that "the ideas in the document that are consistent with the objectives declared by UMAR were taken into account in the policies put forward by his party in the election."
Founded in Morocco in 1994, UMAR represents all but two of the architects' national organisations from countries in and around the Mediterranean basin. It aims to reveal architecture to be of public interest, architecture and the organisation of space being expressions of culture. It also acts as a forum for encouraging relationships of friendship, solidarity and confraternity between architects, while representing more than 300,000 architects in a dialogue with governments, regional and international institutions.
KTP, a founder member of UMAR, has been prominently active within the organisation. Malta is the official seat of the organisation and its secretary general is Mr Felice. Anthony Fenech Vella is the local representative on UMAR and was responsible for the organisation of its general assembly in Malta.
29 Nov, 2007: Support for Chamber of Architects' proposals - Ideas on quality in architecture set to reach wider audience
The Chamber of Architects yesterday received a lot of support for its document on setting out a road map for the built and rural environment.
The chamber is also proposing the setting up of a national centre for the built environment. It would include an independent design review commission aimed at creating a platform to achieve quality in architecture and the design of buildings and public spaces.
Chamber president, David Felice said, at a seminar, that the challenge was not easy but not impossible.
Quoting a statement in the 1960s by Quentin Hugues, who then said "there is still time to save Malta, but only just," Mr Felice said the chamber wanted to create a sense of pride in architects, making them more aware and responsible.
Education Minister Louis Galea said the document expressed preoccupation about where the country is heading and expresses a sense of urgency and hope for a fresh start.
"The vision is not alien to our aspirations. On the contrary, it responds to them. Over the past 50 years, socio-economic development was concerned with providing housing.
"We are now speaking about quality of life issues for now and the future" he said.
Most of those who gave their views during the seminar, including Din l-Art Helwa and Federation of Industry president Martin Galea, said that what was positive about the document was that it was coming from architects. Several speakers raised issues such as vacant buildings, the importance of protecting important examples of contemporary architecture and the revision of rent laws.
Architect John Ebejer said leadership was vital to bring about a culture change.
This was needed to change people's habits about transport and to encourage them to find alternative investment opportunites rather than buying a second property, which was one of the causes fuelling demand for more property.
Astrid Vella, from Flimkien ghal Ambjent Ahjar asked about the chamber's position on encouraging the use of existing buildings rather than building new ones.
Alternattiva Demokratika chairman Harry Vassallo urged the chamber to make its vision simpler and translate it into Maltese so that the man in the street could embrace it.
Geography lecturer John Schembri said urban density had to be taken into account.
The oft quoted figure of 1,200 people per square kilometre for Malta was somewhat misleading. Senglea, for instance, had a density of 19,000 people per square kilometer. Such factors had to be borne in mind when speaking about challenges in the urban fabric.
The chamber is to go back to the drawing board to find ways to fine tune its ideas further with a view to reach as wide an audience as possible.
29 Nov, 2007: Against the tourist's point of view - Ranier Fsadni
There is an austere way of looking that belongs, I imagine, to the recording angel. It is a look of almost cold, certainly pitiless, love. Some film-makers and photographers have it - say, the French auteur, Robert Bresson. I have recently glimpsed it again, in a collection of photographs of Valletta.
David Pisani's exhibition (Vanishing Valletta, Hilton Hotel, open to the public from November 30 - January 10) brings together 90 prints taken over the last 19 years. The early ones tend to focus on the port areas - steel, chimneys, warehouses, often locked up.
The later ones ascend into the city. Framing out most signs of late-20th century life, the pictures are a record of the establishments that once arose to service a thriving, industrial 19th century Valletta, and, having served, began to vanish with the dissipation of the city's industrial power.
Out of the decay a kind of purity emerges. It is like seeing a tramp bathed with the light of a halo.
I draw your attention to this way of looking at Valletta because this has been a week that initiated an important discussion on the future of the city. Both parties of government have announced details of plans to regenerate the city and "greater Valletta" and yesterday the Chamber of Architects launched a public discussion on what urban regeneration should mean.
For the Chamber, urbanism must suit the needs of a dynamic, moving, creative people. Urban systems unable to transport people around well, and to cater to their demands for sociability, as well as their working and housing needs, are failed urban environments.
From the political parties, we will need to hear more. It will not be easy for many of us, on the basis of artists' impressions and spin, to decide whether it is better for this building to be converted into a hotel or a private hospital, or for a new one to be a fully-fledged arts centre or one accommodating commercial outlets.
But such debate can only be good for Valletta. It will help us see the city in a wider context, in its relationship to the rest of the island. Today we all too often think of Valletta as a city within the bastions. Mr Pisani's photographs remind us that, at its most glorious, the city was a hive of activity that opened up and led to other places.
The real problem with the political parties' visions for Valletta is that, while they are internationalising Valletta's future, they appear to be thinking in terms of a future for its real estate and tourism, less so of a future for Maltese life in Valletta.
It could be a mistaken impression formed by the dearth of information, so far, on what social life is imagined for the city. However, there are some disturbing signs of what can happen to Valletta if we see it only from the tourist's point of view.
I have an office at the lower end of Valletta. Some of the current paving works in Valletta appear to follow the tourist's route (or perhaps, the route we suggest, thanks to road paving, that tourists follow). This "route" stops at some notional point that cuts off the lower part from the upper.
The CCV cameras at the upper end of the city are fixed to decorative rods; at least some of those at the lower end are fixed to a makeshift one. I doubt anyone in power really means to suggest that whether aesthetics matter in Valletta depends entirely on where you are. But that is what is being conveyed in practice.
The cheaper housing at the lower end is naturally convenient for immigrant families with limited income for rent. It is my impression (no more than that) that the number of such families in lower Valletta is increasing. I do not wish to be misunderstood: legal immigrant families should be hosted as inclusively as possible in our society. But a concentration of such families in one part of a city is unlikely either to foster inclusiveness for immigrants or to integrate the life of the city as a whole.
As Valletta is regenerated, an invisible line is beginning to divide upper from lower Valletta. It is surely an unintended consequence, but probably caused by the misguided idea of trying to serve tourists better.
The irony is that one serves tourists best, in these matters, not by trying to see things from their point of view, because that frustrates the very urban vitality that would attract them. It changes a real city into a museum piece with a tourist trail.
Mr Pisani's photographs remind us that Valletta was at its best when it sought to be a city for its times, and not frozen in its past. To be such a city, again, Valletta needs to be rendered beautiful, yes, but also to become a city for us, for our complex, jumbled times. When it does, it will thrive and tourists will flock to enjoy its haloed hubbub.
21 Nov, 2007: Vision launched for quality in architecture
The Chamber of Architects yesterday released what it called a visionary document, setting out a road map for the built and rural environment and proposing the setting up of a national centre for the built environment. The centre would include an independent design review commission aimed at creating a platform to achieve quality in architecture and the design of buildings and public spaces.
The chamber also wants to see the creation of a construction platform through which there would be a network of those organisations that are needed to support the process of building a project. "Quality in design is an essential tool for the country's economic and social development," architect David Felice, the president of the Chamber, told the Times. "The Kamra tal-Periti wanted to come up with a clear statement that quality in architecture is a priority in the national agenda. This is not an attack on anyone. We need to strive for excellence, bearing in mind what is happening in terms of construction. Several large projects and a multitude of small projects are being erected at the moment and we can turn this into a positive experience or allow it to degenerate. What is happening here has happened elsewhere. A lot of post-war reconstruction has taken place because there was a need to provide housing and work, but there was little concern for quality of life. Now we are looking at what has happened and what we are going through and people are realising there is an economic value too because there can be a negative impact on the property market."
"Change, however, cannot happen with architects alone," Mr Felice said. "Despite attempts over the years to introduce elements of control to limit the damage, we have not had considerable success. The urgency now is to find alternative solutions." The document makes scathing remarks such as: "The quality of our urban open and built spaces is lacking since we often fail to appreciate the value of quality in design and planning. Our educational system ought to promote more emphatically independent thinking and innovation. Creativity must be encouraged at all ages and in all spheres, but most notably in design, architecture and urban planning."
Development proposals, the document says, "should be assessed qualitatively and appraised from the point of view of their contribution to society and the built environment. Above all, quality in architecture deserves greater attention through the adoption of a National Policy on Architecture, through improving the level of education in the built environment, and in particular, through strengthening the Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering at the university."
The document also speaks about the revised building height designations, which "produced development frenzy in our towns and villages leading to the destruction of the very same qualities that made them attractive. Redevelopment ought to be redirected primarily towards those projects which seek to improve the condition of run-down or disadvantaged neighbourhoods."
It also speaks about the need to change the trend in the use of private cars towards other, more sustainable modes of public and private transport. "Our search for solutions to our transport needs must be holistic, uncompromising, forward looking and innovative, based on a long-term vision and on the potential benefits to commuters, rather than on short term economic expediency. We must consider an effective nation-wide integrated public transport strategy conceived to improve current transport patterns, basing our decisions on a detailed assessment of key movement routes. Within our urban centres, as well as elsewhere, the strategy should, through urban design and landscaping, provide an environment which encourages commuters to journey shorter distances on foot or by bicycle."
The document also speaks about the need to improve the quality of construction. "The challenges raised by our built environment can be overcome through a commitment to the development of a vision to work for better quality places that bring dignity, pride and real delight to their users. The definition of a National Policy for Architecture, championed by the government, is a critical step in this regard, presenting a clear national commitment to quality in architecture and the built environment and raising the profile of the architectural debate so as to form more informed and discerning consumers," the document concludes.
The document was launched yesterday in the presence of Environment Minister George Pullicino and representatives from environmental NGOs, the Malta Environment and Planning Authority (Mepa), the Building Industry Consultative Council (BICC), the Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering at the University of Malta and the General Retailers and Traders Union (GRTU).
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